GABA Supplementation, Increased Heart-Rate Variability, Emotional Response, Sleep Efficiency and Reduced Depression in Sedentary Overweight Women Undergoing Physical Exercise: Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) serves as a pivotal neurotransmitter implicated in the pathogenesis of stress, anxiety, sleep-related disorders, and heart rate (HR) reactions. Heart-rate variability (HRV), modulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), offers insights into cardiac autonomic control and cardiovascular well-being. The present study aimed to explore the impact of GABA supplementation on emotional metrics, sleep quality, and HRV in sedentary women with overweight or obesity partaking in physical exercise. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was undertaken involving 30 sedentary women with overweight or obesity. Volunteers were assigned randomly to two groups: the intervention group receiving GABA (200 mg) once daily for a total of 90 supplementation doses, and the placebo group. Both groups engaged in physical exercise, while the supplementation regimen spanned 90 days. Assessments were conducted at three intervals: baseline (T0), midway through the study (T45), and study culmination (T90). Following 90 days of GABA supplementation, the intervention group demonstrated enhancements in habitual sleep efficiency, as indicated by reductions in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores. Moreover, an improved emotional response was observed, characterized by diminished negative affect. GABA supplementation yielded ameliorations in depression scores as per the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Notably, an augmented HRV was noted, attributed to heightened parasympathetic autonomic nervous system predominance. GABA supplementation elicited noteworthy enhancements in heart rate variability, emotional response, depression mitigation, and sleep efficiency following a 90-day supplementation.

Effects of oral HPΒCD-angiotensin-(1-7) supplementation on recreational mountain bike athletes: a crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Supplementation with Angiotensin-(1-7) [(Ang-1-7)] has received considerable attention due to its possible ergogenic effects on physical performance. The effects of a single dose of Ang-(1-7) on the performance of mountain bike (MTB) athletes during progressive load tests performed until the onset of voluntary fatigue have previously been demonstrated. This study tested the effects of Ang-(1-7) in two different exercise protocols with different metabolic demands: aerobic (time trial) and anaerobic (repeated sprint). METHODS: Twenty one male recreational athletes were given capsules containing an oral formulation of HPßCD-Ang-(1-7) (0.8 mg) and HPßCD-placebo (only HPßCD) over a 7-day interval; a double-blind randomized crossover design was used. Physical performance was examined using two protocols: a 20-km cycling time trial or 4 × 30-s repeated all-out sprints on a leg cycle ergometer. Data were collected before and after physical tests to assess fatigue parameters, and included lactate levels, and muscle activation during the sprint protocol as evaluated by electromyography (EMG); cardiovascular parameters: diastolic and systolic blood pressure and heart rate; and performance parameters, time to complete (time trial), maximum power and mean power (repeated sprint). RESULTS: Supplementation with an oral formulation of HPßCD-Ang-(1-7) reduced basal plasma lactate levels and promoted the maintenance of plasma glucose levels after repeated sprints. Supplementation with HPßCD-Ang-(1-7) also increased baseline plasma nitrite levels and reduced resting diastolic blood pressure in a time trial protocol. HPßCD-Ang-(1-7) had no effect on the time trial or repeat sprint performance, or on the EMG recordings of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with HPßCD-Ang-(1-7) did not improve physical performance in time trial or in repeated sprints; however, it promoted the maintenance of plasma glucose and lactate levels after the sprint protocol and at rest, respectively. In addition, HPßCD-Ang-(1-7) also increased resting plasma nitrite levels and reduced diastolic blood pressure in the time trial protocol. TRIAL REGISTRATION: RBR-2nbmpbc, registered January 6th, 2023. The study was prospectively registered.

Six months of resistance training improves heart rate variability in the elderly.

Heart rate variability is a non-invasive method of assessing global health through the analysis of the autonomous centralnervous system, including both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training on heart rate variability at rest in elderly individuals undergoing six months of resistance training with progressive loads. Training reduced the body fat percentage of the volunteers (pre: 39.39 ± 7.21 vs post: 34.97 ± 6.40%; p = 0.0069). There was also a significant reduction in the low-frequency index (pre: 69621.50 ± 9817.28 vs post: 54210.50 ± 14903.94; p = 0.0322) and a significant increase in the high-frequency index (pre: 30308.00 ± 9857.86 vs post: 45627.10 ± 14838.80; p = 0.0326). We concluded that sixmonths of resistance training with progressive loads were beneficial for heart rate variability and reduced the body fat percentage in the elderly.

12 weeks of resistance training with progressive intensity improves the diagnostic parameters of sarcopenia in individuals of advanced age.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training (RT) with progressive intensity on factors associated with sarcopenia in older individuals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 74 participants (64.27 ± 7.06-y-old) who were divided into a control group (n = 37) and an intervention group (n = 37). The intervention group underwent 12 weeks of RT three times a week, with an initial training of 60% and final training of 85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). Both groups were evaluated before and after the 12-week training period to assess improvements in strength and physical performance. RESULTS: The intervention group showed an increase in physical performance, as evidenced by a reduction in the time to perform the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test (p < 0.01) and the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the RT proved to be efficient for increasing hand grip and overall muscular strength, as confirmed through the 1RM test. However, the muscle mass index (MMI) and walking speed did not show any significant alterations in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, 12 weeks of RT with progressive intensity has a positive effect on the diagnostic parameters of sarcopenia, leading to improvements in physical performance and muscular strength while maintaining the MMI.

Influence of Alpha-Actinin-3 R577X Polymorphism on Muscle Damage and the Inflammatory Response after an Acute Strength Training Session.

The objective of this study was to verify the influence of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on muscle damage and the inflammatory response after an acute strength training (ST) session. Twenty-seven healthy male individuals (age: 25 ± 4.3 years) participated in the study, including 18 RR/RX and 9 XX individuals. The participants were divided into two groups (RR/RX and XX groups) and subjected to an acute ST session, which consisted of a series of leg press, leg extension machine, and seated leg curl machine. The volunteers were instructed to perform the greatest volume of work until concentric muscle failure. Each volunteer's performance was analyzed as the load and total volume of training, and the blood concentrations of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myoglobin, testosterone, and cortisol were measured before the ST session and 30 min and 24 h postsession. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism effect was observed, with increased concentrations of CCL2 (p < 0.01), IL-8 (p < 0.01), and LDH (p < 0.001) in XX individuals. There was an increase in the concentration of CK in the RR/RX group compared to XX at 24 h after training (p > 0.01). The testosterone/cortisol ratio increased more markedly in the XX group (p < 0.001). Regarding performance, the RR/RX group presented higher load and total volume values in the training exercises when compared to the XX group (p < 0.05). However, the XX group presented higher values of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) than the RR/RX group (p < 0.05). The influence of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on muscle damage and the inflammatory response was observed after an acute ST session, indicating that the RR/RX genotype shows more muscle damage and a catabolic profile due to a better performance in this activity, while the XX genotype shows more DOMS.

Use of Diuretics is Associated with Higher Risk of Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Hypertension

Abstract Background: Sarcopenia is a disease that involves skeletal muscle mass loss and is highly prevalent in the older adult population. Moreover, the incidence of sarcopenia is increased in patients with hypertension. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the association between the classes of the drugs used for arterial hypertension treatment and the presence or absence of sarcopenia. Methods: 129 older adults with hypertension were evaluated by the researchers who registered the participants medication for arterial hypertension treatment. Sarcopenia level was measured by anthropometric parameters, muscular strength, and functional capacity. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc test and Fisher's exact test; statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: Age was not different between women with different levels of sarcopenia, but significant differences were observed between men with absent sarcopenia (66.8±4.2 years) and men with probable sarcopenia (77.0±10.2 years). Individuals with absent sarcopenia showed higher handgrip strength (men: 33.8±7.4, women: 23.2±4.6 Kgf) in comparison with those with sarcopenia (men with probable sarcopenia: 9.5±3.3 Kgf, women with probable, confirmed, and severe sarcopenia: 11.7±2.5, 12.2±3.0, 11.8±1.8 Kgf, respectively). The analysis showed an association between the type of medication and degree of sarcopenia; diuretics were significantly associated with probable sarcopenia, and angiotensin II receptor blockers (alone or in combination with diuretics) was associated with absence of sarcopenia. Conclusion: In conclusion, handgrip strength was a good method to diagnose sarcopenia, and diuretics were associated with increased risk of sarcopenia in older adults with hypertension.

Effects of different strength training protocols on sarcopenia influencing parameters in older adults: a systematic review / Efeitos de diferentes protocolos de treinamento de força sobre parâmetros influenciadores da sarcopenia em idosos: uma revisão sistemática

INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenia is characterized by the reduction of skeletal muscle mass and its functionality. Several of the parameters that influence sarcopenia are modified by strength training. OBJECTIVE: To review the effects of different strength training protocols (frequency, duration, and intensity) on parameters that influence sarcopenia. METHODS: This is a systematic review of original, quantitative, observational studies, published between 2010 in 2020, in English, Spanish and Portuguese, and indexed in the SciELO, PubMed, and CAPES databases. The terms used search were: "muscle strenght" ("força muscular", "fuerza muscular"), "sarcopenia" ("sarcopenia"), "aging" ("envelhecimento", "envejecimiento"), "olders" ("idosos", "ancianos"), "strength training" ("treinamento de força/resistência", "entrenamiento de fuerza"). 215 articles were retrieved and 11 met the inclusion criteria, being included in the review. RESULTS: Among the 11 studies analyzed, it is observed that strength training applied in different protocols was efficient in improving parameters such as muscle mass and strength, body balance, and performance in diagnostic tests of sarcopenia. CONCLUSION: This review highlights the benefits of the practice of strength exercise in different protocols on parameters that influence the onset of sarcopenia in older adults. The exercise of strength is presented as an applicable, practical, and non-pharmacological means of preventing sarcopenia.

INTRODUÇÃO: A sarcopenia é considerada uma patologia caracterizada pela redução da massa muscular esquelética e da sua funcionalidade, sendo que vários dos parâmetros que influenciam sobre a sarcopenia sofrem interferência do treinamento de força. OBJETIVO: Revisar os efeitos dos diferentes protocolos de treinamento de força (frequência, duração e intensidade) sobre parâmetros influenciadores da sarcopenia. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de estudos originais, quantitativos, observacionais, publicados entre 2010 a 2020, em inglês, espanhol e português, e indexados nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e periódico CAPES. Os descritores utilizados foram: "força muscular" ("muscle strenght", "fuerza muscular"), "sarcopenia" ("sarcopenia"), "envelhecimento" ("aging", "envejecimiento"), "idosos" ("olders, "ancianos"), "treinamento de força/resistência" ("strength training", "entrenamiento de fuerza"). Foram recuperados 215 artigos, entre eles 11 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, sendo incluídos na revisão. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 11 estudos analisados, observa-se que o treinamento de força aplicado em diferentes protocolos foi eficiente em aperfeiçoar parâmetros como massa e força musculares, equilíbrio corporal e desempenho em testes diagnósticos de sarcopenia. CONCLUSÃO: Esta revisão evidencia os benefícios da prática de exercício de força em diferentes protocolos sobre parâmetros que influenciam na instalação do quadro de sarcopenia em idosos. O exercício de força se apresenta como meio aplicável, prático e não farmacológico da prevenção de sarcopenia.

Effects of Aquatic Exercise in Post-exercise Hypotension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) can be an important non-pharmacological strategy in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Both aerobic and resistance exercises produce PEH, but it is not clear if the exercise environment can lead to a higher PEH. OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis investigated whether a session of aquatic exercise (AE) induces PEH in comparison with control conditions such as land exercise (LE) or rest in hypertensive subjects. METHODS: The present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE. Ambulatory blood pressure measurements made in randomized clinical trials were pooled to compare PEH induced by AE with LE and rest conditions in hypertensive subjects. RESULTS: Data from four trials were included, which comprised 127 participants (94 women and 33 men). A 24-h analysis did not detect significant differences between AE and LE or rest for either systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Monitoring during the night showed that AE induced significant PEH in comparison with LE for SBP [-8.6 (-15.0 to -1.5) mmHg (p = 0.01)]. For DBP, the AE had pronounced PEH during the night in comparison with LE [-3.7 (-4.7 to -2.8) mmHg, p = 0.000] and rest [-1.7 (-1.9 to -0.8) mmHg, p = 0.000]. There were no differences in daytime values. CONCLUSION: AE showed a higher PEH effect than LE sessions and rest conditions. PEH was observed in both SBP and DBP during the night. The number of studies was low, but all studies included in this meta-analysis used 24-h monitoring. The understanding of clinical relevance of AE, inducing a higher PEH, depends on a standardization of exercise protocols plus a rigorous monitoring of blood pressure. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration: CRD42021271928.

Baseline Diet Quality Is Related to Changes in the Body Composition and Inflammatory Markers: An Intervention Study Based on Resistance Training and Nutritional Advice.

Habitual food intake and physical activity can affect chronic low-grade inflammation, which is common in the elderly, because of changes in the immune system and body composition. Thus, the present study proposes an evaluation of the influence of past eating habits on the effects of an intervention of resistance training plus dietary advice on the inflammatory profile of the elderly. We conducted an intervention study with 40 elderly people. The Revised Diet Quality Index (HEI-R) and the dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) were calculated before the intervention based on a food frequency questionnaire validated to the elderly population. Participants were categorized according to the median of HEI-R and dTAC to assess the influence of the habitual diet quality on anthropometry and inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-8, CCL-2, and leptin) before and after the intervention. The 19-week intervention provided a long-term progressive resistance training associated with dietary advice focused on foods rich in compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. There was a greater reduction in weight, body mass index (BMI), and body fat (%) in the group with the lowest HEI-R and a greater reduction in the body fat (%) in the group with the lowest dTAC, indicating that the group that had a worse diet quality before the intervention responded better to it. The index HEI-R correlated negatively with Δweight and ΔBMI. dTAC correlated positively with Δmonocyte 1 chemotactic protein (CCL-2) and ΔC-reactive protein (CRP). In this scenario, elderly persons with bad habits can benefit from interventions to lifestyle change, while the better diet quality including dietary antioxidant sources can be useful to control weight and inflammatory biomarkers in this population.

Angiotensin-(1-7) oral formulation improves physical performance in mountain bike athletes: a double-blinded crossover study.

BACKGROUND: The ECA2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis is shown to be involved in effects mediated by physical exercise, as it can induce the release of nitric oxide (ON) and bradykinin (BK), which are potent vasodilators. The vasodilating action the NO/BK can contribute to increased metabolic efficiency in muscle tissue and central nervous system. The formulation HPß-CD-Ang-(1-7) through its mechanisms of action can be a promising supplement to aid in the maintenance and improvement of performance and may also favor recovery during competitions. The premise of this study was to investigate the effects of acute oral supplementation HPß-CD-Ang-(1-7) on the performance of mountain bike (MTB) practitioners. METHODS: Fourteen recreational athletes, involved in training programs for at least one year, participated in this crossover design study. Subjects underwent two days of testing with a seven-day interval. HPß-CD-Ang-(1-7) (1.75 mg) and HPßCD-Placebo were provided in capsules three hours prior to tests. To determine the safety of the HPß-CD-Ang-(1-7) formulation associated with physical effort, cardiovascular parameters heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were analyzed. Physical performance was measured using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2), total exercise time (TET), mechanical work (MW), mechanical efficiency (ME), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Respiratory exchange coefficient (REC), lactate and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were measured. Maximal incremental tests were performed on a progressively loaded leg cycle ergometer. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in terms of HR or BP at rest and maximum effort between the HPß-CD-Ang-(1-7) and placebo groups. The VO2max showed significant differences (p = 0.04). It was higher in the Ang-(1-7)condition (66.15 mlO2.kg- 1.min- 1) compared to the placebo (60.72 mlO2.kg- 1.min- 1). This was also observed for TET (Ang-(1-7) 39.10 min vs. placebo 38.14 min; p = 0.04), MW (Ang-(1-7) 156.7 vs. placebo 148.2; p = 0.04), and at the lowest RPE (Ang-(1-7) vs. placebo; p = 0.009). No significant differences were observed for REC, NEFAs, or Lactate. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that HPß-CD-Ang-(1-7) improves the physical performance of MTB recreational athletes and could be a promising supplement. TRIAL REGISTRATION: RBR-2 × 56pw8, registered January 15th, 2021. The study was prospectively registered.

Oral administration of angiotensin-(1-7) decreases muscle damage and prevents the fibrosis in rats after eccentric exercise.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Eccentric contraction exercises cause damage to muscle fibres and induce inflammatory responses. The exacerbation of this process can induce deposition of fibrous connective tissue, leading to decreased muscle function. The aim of this study was to examine the role of angiotensin-(1-7) in this context. What is the main finding and its importance? Our results show that oral treatment with angiotensin-(1-7) decreases muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise, reducing inflammation and fibrosis in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. This study shows a potential effect of angiotensin-(1-7) for the prevention of muscle injuries induced by physical exercise. ABSTRACT: Eccentric contraction exercises cause damage to the muscle fibres and induce an inflammatory reaction. The protective effect of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] in skeletal muscle has led us to examine the role of this peptide in modifying processes associated with inflammation and fibrogenesis induced by eccentric exercise. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of oral administration of Ang-(1-7) formulated in hydroxypropyl ß-cyclodextrin (HPß-CD) in prevention and treatment of muscle damage after downhill running. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (untreated and not exercised; n = 10); treated/exercised HPß-CD Ang-(1-7) (n = 40); and treated/exercised HPß-CD (n = 40). Exercised groups were subjected to a single eccentric contraction exercise session on a treadmill inclined to -13° at a constant speed of 20 m/min, for 60 min. Oral administration of HPß-CD Ang-(1-7) and HPß-CD was performed 3 h before the exercise protocol and daily as a single dose, until the end of the experiment. Samples were collected 4, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after the exercise session. The animals treated with the Ang-(1-7) showed lower levels of creatine kinase, lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-α in soleus muscle and increased levels of interleukin-10 cytokines. The inflammatory cells and deposition of fibrous connective tissue in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were lower in the group treated with Ang-(1-7). The results of this study show that treatment with an oral formulation of Ang-(1-7) enhances the process of repair of muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise.

Sucrose-Sweetened Drinks Reduce the Physical Performance and Increase the Cardiovascular Risk in Physically Active Males.

INTRODUCTION: The intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has increased rapidly, but the effects of this habit on health and physical performance are unknown. This study assessed the effect of excessive SSB intake on biochemical, physical performance, and biochemical and cardiovascular parameters of physically active males. METHODS: Seventeen volunteers consumed a placebo drink (Pd; carbohydrate free) and an excessive SSB drink (eSSBd = Pd plus 300 g sucrose). In a blind randomized crossover study, the subjects were assigned to Pd or eSSBd groups for 15 days. After an interval of 7 days, subjects were reassigned to the other condition. RESULTS: After eSSBd intake, there was an increase in weight (69.34 ± 13.71 vs. 70.62 ± 14.06), body mass index (24.49 ± 4.01 vs. 24.97 ± 4.13), waist circumference (75.33 ± 11.22 vs. 76.79 ± 11.51), VLDL (19.54 ± 9.50 vs. 25.52 ± 11.18), triglycerides (78.94 ± 23.79 vs. 114.77 ± 43.65), and peak systolic blood pressure (178.57 ± 26.56 vs. 200.71 ± 24.64). The cardiorespiratory response to exercise (VO2max) (48.15 ± 10.42 vs. 40.98 ± 11.20), peak heart rate (186.64 ± 8.00 vs. 179.64 ± 6.28), total exercise time (15.02 ± 1.57 vs. 14.00 ± 2.18), and mechanical work (15.83 ± 4.53 vs. 13.68 ± 5.67) decreased after eSSBd intake (all values expressed in initial mean ± DP vs. final). The rates of perceived exertion were higher (1.300 vs.1.661 slope and -0.7186 vs. -1.118 y-intercept) after eSSBd intake. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that 15 days of eSSBd intake may negatively modulate biochemical parameters associated with cardiovascular risk. In addition, this overintake can impair the physical performance and cardiovascular responses to physical exercise.

Effects of cumulative school soccer matches separated by 24-h or 48-h intervals on physical recovery status of U-19 players / Efeitos de partidas consecutivas de futebol escolar com intervalos de 24 e 48 horas no estado de recuperação física de jogadores Sub-19

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cumulative school soccer matches separated by 24-h or 48-h intervals on the recovery status of U-19 players. Thirty-four school athletes (17.6 ± 1.1 years) who played in an U-19 school soccer competition (composed of one group with four teams and another group with three teams, followed by semifinals and final) were examined before three matches, which lasted 70 min. Seventeen athletes had a 24-h rest interval between each match (GGG group), while 18 athletes had a 48-h rest interval between the second and third matches (GG48hG group). Total Quality Recovery, countermovement jump, 10-m sprint, and maximum lumbar isometric strength were measured. The internal load of each match was calculated by the product of the session Rating of Perceived Exertion and match time. There was a 22% reduction in Total Quality Recovery (p< 0.001) and 12% in 10-m sprint performance (p< 0.001) before the third match in the GGG group, while the GG48hG group showed no changes for the same variables (p> 0.05). The countermovement jump decreased before the second match in both groups (GGG= 12% and GG48hG= 10%; p< 0.001), with no difference between groups (p> 0.05). In addition, both groups showed no changes in the isometric strength or the internal load match over the games (p> 0.05). Despite not providing complete muscle recovery, a 48-h interval between the second and third matches seems to have minimized the reduction of muscle performance due to consecutive matches.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de partidas consecutivas de futebol escolar com intervalos de 24 e 48 horas no estado de recuperação física de jogadores Sub-19. Foram avaliados 35 homens (17,6±1,1 anos) atletas escolares sub-19. Durante a competição, foram realizados três jogos de 70-min de duração. Dezessete atletas tiveram intervalo de 24h entre cada jogo (grupo GGG). Dezoito atletas tiveram intervalo de 48 h entre o 2º e o 3º jogo (grupo GG48hG). Antes de cada jogo foram medidas a Qualidade Total de Recuperação, altura do salto com contra movimento, velocidade no sprint de 10-m, e força máxima isométrica lombar máxima. A carga interna do jogo foi calculada pelo produto da percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão e tempo de cada jogo. Houve uma redução de 22% na qualidade total de recuperação (p <0,001) e de 12% no desempenho de sprint de 10 m (p <0,001) antes da terceira partida no grupo GGG, enquanto o grupo GG48hG não apresentou alterações para as mesmas variáveis (p> 0,05). O salto com contra movimento diminuiu antes da segunda partida em ambos os grupos (GGG = 12% e GG48hG = 10%; p <0,001), sem diferença entre os grupos (p> 0,05). Em adição, ambos os grupos não apresentaram alterações na força isométrica e na carga interna ao longo dos jogos (p> 0,05). Apesar de não proporcionar uma completa recuperação muscular, 48 h de intervalo entre o segundo e o terceiro jogo parece ter minimizado o efeito de jogos consecutivos na redução do desempenho.

Resistance Training Associated with Dietetic Advice Reduces Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Elderly.

Aging is a biological process during which chronic low-grade inflammation is present due to changes in the immune system of the elderly. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of resistance training associated with dietary advice on chronic inflammation in the elderly. We conducted a prospective intervention study in which we evaluated anthropometric parameters and inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-8, CCL-2, and leptin) in 40 elderly people before and after long-term progressive resistance training (19 weeks) associated with dietary advice. The participants trained twice a week on nonconsecutive days, and the training lasted one hour with an intensity of 60-85% of 1-MR. Dietary advice was explained in person and individually focusing on foods rich in compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Participants were instructed at the beginning of the training program, and dietary advice was reinforced verbally weekly. There was an improvement in body composition evidenced by a reduction in waist circumference and body fat percentage and by the increase in arm circumference, calf circumference, and corrected arm muscle area. In addition, there was a reduction in the inflammatory biomarkers CCL-2 (p = 0.01) and leptin (p < 0.01). Resistance training associated with dietary guidance can contribute to a healthy aging due to observed improvements in body composition and in the inflammatory profile of the elderly.

Are neighborhood characteristics associated with sedentary behavior in adolescents? A systematic review.

Sedentary behavior (SB) has emerged as a potential risk factor for chronic diseases. SB includes activities requiring low energy expenditure (≤1.5 metabolic equivalents) performed in a sitting or reclining posture. Our study aimed to gather evidence on the association between SB outcomes in adolescents (10-19 years) and neighborhood characteristics. This systematic review (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018076877) examined studies indexed in PubMed Central®, LILACS, ScienceDirect, and SPORTDiscus databases. Sixteen articles were included. Insecurity during daytime hours, crime incidence, physical and social disorders, a higher neighborhood socioeconomic level, and time spent with peers were associated with higher levels of SB. Traffic, availability of a favorable environment for physical activity, and higher residential density were associated with lower levels of SB. Despite great variability in the SB cutoff points and methodology used for evaluating SB and neighborhood characteristics among studies, the evidence suggests that adolescent SB might be influenced by neighborhood characteristics.

Acute volume expansion decreased baroreflex response after swimming but not after running exercise training in hypertensive rats.

Background: Physical training (ET) is important to restore the reflex sensitivity involved in controlling blood pressure in various diseases. Recent investigations have demonstrated an interaction between cardiopulmonary baroreceptors and arterial baroreflex during dynamic exercise.Objective: Considering that acute and chronic hemodynamic responses to swimming (SW) are different from the race (RUN), the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of SW and RUN on baroreflex response before and after acute volume expansion in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).Methods: SHR were divided into three groups: RUN, SW and sedentary (SED) groups. After training, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Baroreflex response was assessed before and after acute volume expansion.Results: Both ET conditions reduced basal levels of HR and MAP. The first volume of injected isotonic saline solution (1.25% of body weight) produced a greater decrease in HR for the SW group (-105.8 ± 8.7 bpm) compared to RUN groups (-68 ± 5.2 bpm) and SED (-49.8 ± 7.2 bpm). Both training modalities increase the baroreflex response in relation to the SED group, but after the total volume expansion, the SW group presented attenuated response (0.7 ± 0.1 µPIms/mmHg) compared to RUN (1.5 ± 0.17 PIms/mmHg) and was not different from SED group (0.8 ± 0.2 mPIms/mmHg).Conclusion: The results show that the swim-trained group has a different baroreflex response to that observed by the run-trained group after the activation of the load receptors by saline expansion.

Lifetime overproduction of circulating angiotensin-(1-7) in rats attenuates the increase in skeletal muscle damage biomarkers after exhaustive exercise.

Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-[1-7]) can modulate glucose metabolism and protect against muscular damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of lifetime increase of circulating levels of Ang-(1-7) at exhaustive swimming exercise (ESE). Sprague-Dawley (SD) and transgenic rats TGR(A1-7)3292 (TR) which overproduce Ang-(1-7) (2.5-fold increase) were submitted to ESE. The data showed no differences in time to exhaustion (SD: 4.90 ± 1.37 h vs. TR: 5.15 ± 1.15 h), creatine kinase, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß). Lactate dehydrogenase (SD: 219.9 ± 12.04 U/L vs. TR: 143.9 ± 35.21 U/L) and α-actinin (SD: 336.7 ± 104.5 U/L vs. TR: 224.6 ± 82.45 U/L) values were significantly lower in TR. There was a significant decrease in the range of blood glucose levels (SD: -41.4 ± 28.32 mg/dl vs. TR: -13.08 ± 39.63 mg/dl) in SD rats. Muscle (SD: 0.06 ± 0.02 mg/g vs. TR: 0.13 ± 0.01 mg/g) and hepatic glycogen (SD: 0.66 ± 0.36 mg/g vs. TG: 2.24 ± 1.85 mg/g) in TR were higher. The TR presented attenuation of the increase in skeletal muscle damage biomarkers and of the changes in glucose metabolism after ESE.

Evidence for a Role of ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism in Football Player's Career Progression.

The aim was to investigate a possible role of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in a Brazilian football player's career progression. 2 questions were formulated: 1. Does ACTN3 polymorphism affect the probability of an individual being a professional football player? 2. Does this polymorphism affect the progression of the athlete throughout his career? The study included 353 players from first division Brazilian football clubs in the following categories: under-14 (U-14), U-15, U-17, U-20, and professional (PRO). The control group (CON) was composed of 100 healthy non-athletes. The chi-squared test was used to assess differences between the allele and genotype frequencies. Comparing football categories, the XX genotype was less frequent among professional players than in the U-20 (p<0.05) or the U-15 category (p<0.05). The RX genotype also presented more frequently in the PRO category than the U-14 category (p<0.05). Moreover, a trend towards a higher frequency of the RX genotype and a lower frequency of the XX genotype was observed in the professional category compared to U-20. These results suggest that the genotype in the ACTN3 polymorphism affects the probability of a football player progressing throughout his career and becoming professional, meaning that playing football selects against the ACTN3 XX genotype.

Physical exercise improves body weight gain and liver function in malnourished rats without disturbing the redox balance / O exercício físico melhora o ganho de peso corporal e a função hepática em ratos desnutridos sem perturbar o balanço de redox

ABSTRACT Objective To study the relationship between exercise and malnourishment because recent evidence suggests that exercise can cause the beneficial adaptation of antioxidant systems, whereas malnourishment can cause harmful adaptation of these systems. Methods Thirty-two female Fischer rats were equally divided into Sedentary Control, Trained Control, Sedentary Malnourished and Trained Malnourished groups. The training protocol consisted of swimming for 30 minutes continuously for 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Results It was demonstrated that aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities increased in malnourished rats, but physical training reversed these effects by lowering the raised levels. The glutathione level was diminished by malnourishment whereas physical training increased the levels of liver carbonyl protein and increased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances that were diminished by malnourishment. In addition, Trained Malnourished rats had a higher average body weight than Sedentary Malnourished ones (62.77g vs. 55.08g, respectively). Conclusion The data show that exercise was able to reverse or reduce damage caused by malnourishment, such as weight loss and liver dysfunction by a pathway independent of the participation of enzymes involved in antioxidant defense and that there is no interaction between exercise and malnutrition.

RESUMO Objetivo Estudar a relação entre exercício e desnutrição, pois evidências recentes sugerem que o exercício físico pode causar a adaptação benéfica de sistemas antioxidantes, enquanto a desnutrição pode causar adaptação prejudicial a esses sistemas. Métodos Trinta e duas ratas Fischer foram igualmente divididas nos grupos Controle Sedentário, Controle Treinado, Desnutrido Sedentário e Desnutrido Treinado. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em nadar por 30 minutos continuamente por 5 dias/semana por 8 semanas. Resultados Demonstramos que as atividades de aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase aumentaram em ratos desnutridos, mas o treinamento físico reverteu esses efeitos. O nível de glutationa foi diminuído pela desnutrição, enquanto o treinamento físico aumentou os níveis de proteína carbonilada do fígado e aumentou os níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico que foram diminuídas pela desnutrição. Além disso, os ratos desnutridos treinados tiveram um peso corporal médio maior que os desnutridos sedentários (62,77g vs 55,08g, respectivamente). Conclusão Os dados mostram que o exercício foi capaz de reverter ou reduzir os danos causados pela desnutrição, como perda de peso e a disfunção hepática por uma via independente da participação de enzimas envolvidas na defesa antioxidante e que não há interação entre exercício e desnutrição.

Effect of a school soccer competition with consecutive day games on the recovery status of U-19 players / Efeito de uma competição escolar de futebol com jogos em dias consecutivos no estado de recuperação de jogadores sub-19

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a school soccer competition with consecutive day games on the recovery status of U-19 players. Thirty-one school athletes (17.1±1.1 years) who played a U-19 school soccer competition (composed of two groups of four soccer teams each, followed by semifinals and final) were randomly evaluated. Games lasted 70 min (two periods of 35 min with 15 min rest interval), and they were played on consecutive days with 24 h between each game. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and Total Quality Recovery (TQR) were measured before group phase games (n= 31) and semifinals games (n= 18). The internal game load was measured by the session rate of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method. TQR was higher before the first game when compared to the other games (p< 0.001). DOMS increased after the first game and did not return to baseline before the fourth game. Both session-RPE and internal load of the fourth game were higher than in the other games (p< 0.001). In addition, there was no correlation between internal game load and TQR (p> 0.05). The monotony observed during the evaluated period was 3.1±2.0 AU. The results indicate that the 24 h rest period seems to be insufficient for complete recovery of U-19 soccer school athletes, suggesting the organization of U-19 school soccer competitions with higher rest interval between games and search for methods to increase the recovery rate.

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou analisar o efeito de uma competição escolar de futebol com jogos em dias consecutivos no estado de recuperação física de jogadores sub-19. Foram avaliados, de forma aleatória, 31 atletas escolares (17,1±1,1 anos) participantes de uma competição escolar de futebol de campo sub-19, composta de duas chaves com quatro equipes cada, seguido de semifinais e final. Os jogos tiveram 70 min de duração (dois tempos de 35 min com 15 min de intervalo), e foram realizados em dias consecutivos com intervalo de 24h entre cada jogo. Foi medida a dor muscular de início tardio (DOMS) e Qualidade Total de Recuperação (QTR) antes de cada jogo da primeira fase (n= 31) e da semifinal (n=18). A carga interna dos jogos foi medida a pelo método da percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão (PSE-sessão). A QTR foi maior antes do primeiro jogo em comparação com os demais jogos (p< 0.001). A DOMS aumentou após o primeiro jogo e não retornou aos valores basais antes do quarto jogo (p< 0.001). A PSE-sessão e a carga interna do quarto jogo foram maiores que as dos demais jogos (p< 0,001). Em adição, não houve correlação entre a carga interna do jogo e a QTR (p> 0,05). A monotonia encontrada no período avaliado foi de 3,1±2.0 UA. Os resultados indicam que o período de 24h parece ser insuficiente para a completa recuperação de atletas escolares de futebol sub-19, sugerindo a organização de competições escolares de futebol sub-19 com maior intervalo entre os jogos e busca por métodos que acelerem a recuperação.